Tutoring with IEWâ€

   IEW is taught across homes and schools all around the world. Often it is a teacher or parent who guides students through the IEW approach to writing, but tutors who meet with students just once or twice a week are using IEW to help their students as well. As a private tutor, I find great joy in helping my students achieve their best academically. But tutoring also presents challenges in that sometimes I find I am not able to spend as much time with my students as I would like. Recently we received a question from a tutor who was wondering how to help one of her dyslexic students master his Fix It! Grammar vocabulary words. If you also tutor, perhaps some of my ideas about this situation will be helpful to you as well. Come up with a picture for each word. I like to get input from the student when I can, but sometimes it works best if you come up with your own image (either one that you draw or one that you source online). Create a card for it with the vocabulary word on one side along with the picture illustrating that word. On the reverse side, provide a brief definition along with the word used in a sentence. Use those cards to play games. By the way, we’ve already done this work for you in our theme-based books. All of the vocabulary cards in these books have clever blackline drawings already on them. Build an online set of vocabulary word and definition cards that your student can practice outside of your tutoring sessions. One free service I have found helpful is Quizlet. During your session time, act out some of the words. Adjectives and verbs are especially fun and fairly easy to mimic. Any time you can draw in multi-sensory activities and humor, you have a recipe for learning. Create a word-of-the-day. Challenge your student to use it in conversation at home. I know this isn't something that you can have direct control over, but some students like to be challenged in those ways. Draw in the parents and provide them with the current vocabulary list. Have them post it on the refrigerator, write the words on paper placemats, and use them in their own conversations. I try to keep it to a manageable number of words. Some parents are more amenable to doing things like that than others, but the more the parents are involved, the more likely the students will progress at a quicker pace. Something I did with my own children might be of interest to you and your parents. We would work on our "word of the day" around the dinner table at night. Each of us would make the effort to use the word in our conversation in a relevant way. Since there are five of us in the family, that is five opportunities to hear the word spoken in context. It was a sure way to generate some giggles around the table, too! If you find some of the vocabulary to be not as relevant to your student, omit it. Focus on the words that you do find most relevant. That will cull your list somewhat. Tutors work very hard to help their students succeed. Sometimes our best help comes by remaining pragmatic about all you need to accomplish during your session time. If a student receives no out of session help, it is better to learn one vocabulary word well for that week than none at all because you introduced too many and overwhelmed your student. Using IEW to tutor struggling students can significantly help advance their language arts skills, not only in vocabulary, but also in written expression, recitation, and thinking. And by meeting students at their ability level, they make gains more quickly. It’s a win-win for all involved!    Jennifer Mauser  has always loved reading and writing and received a B.A. in English from the University of Kansas in 1991. Once she and her husband had children, they decided to homeschool, and she put all her training to use in the home. In addition to homeschooling her children, Jennifer teaches IEW classes out of her home, coaches budding writers via  email,  and tutors students who struggle with dyslexia.

How To Apply To College A Mothers Advice

HomeSurviveParentingHow To Apply To College: A Mothers AdviceThis page may contain affiliate links.Oct 23, 2019Being a mother with a child going through the college process is a little like childbirth — while it’s happening it’s soo painful, but when it’s over you look back and think it wasn’t that bad (but it really was!). Parents love to share information about how to apply to college and pay for it. So if you’re a parent with a high school student, gather as much advice as you can. Navigating college admissions and financing is as much a rite of passage for parents as it is for students. Start Learning About The College Process Way Before Your Childs High School Tells You To Since this was my first time through the college planning process, I can’t say I executed well on this piece of advice. Quite honestly, it was the winter of my daughter’s junior year as I sat listening to her school’s parent presentation on â€Å"What’s Important to Colleges† that I realized I was already behind the eight ball in understanding the process (and why didn’t the school give this presentation in the spring of 8th grade, before starting high school). I know every list of advice about college planning includes starting early, but it is so true! By the time your child is in the middle of junior year, their academic and personal profile is almost complete for what will be presented to colleges. For students applying early admissions, GPAs are based on grades 9th to 11th, as are activities, interests, and experiences. As a parent, if you had wanted to better guide your child, you should know more about college admissions starting in 8th grade. This is not to make you (or your child) crazy, but more to make you an informed consumer. Be A Guide in the Admissions Process, Not a Dictator As my daughter and I got more entrenched in the process, I realized this was a perfect opportunity to teach her how to handle major decisions and life events. I wanted to show her how to â€Å"approach† the admissions process in a way that she could learn to approach other important processes and decisions in her life. I’ve always been a â€Å"researcher† and feel most comfortable with having as much information as possible. We discussed what types of information she should research to decide if a school should be included on her list and what resources to consult. We created a master schedule and worked backwards from admissions deadlines to set dates for starting essays, having drafts, filling out the common app, etc. She added dates for registering for tests, requesting transcripts, sending scores, and asking for recommendations. We established a sharedDropboxfolder to make it easier to share files on anything she wanted my husband and me to review. After creating the framework together for handling the process, I moved to the sidelines and let her take responsibility and control for getting things done. She procrastinated and sometimes waited until the last minute, but at least she had an idea of the bigger picture for how to handle a complex process. As a Parent, Make Sure You Have Your Own Support Group Get perspectives from friends who have already gone through the process.As a parent, you need a source to vent to, especially to someone who can really sympathize with what you’re dealing with. My best pieces of advice came from parents who were veterans of college planning. One friend said, â€Å"Don’t nag, just offer your support and when she needs it she’ll ask for it.† Another said, â€Å"Make sure you talk about other topics not related to testing, applications, college visits, essays and what all her friends are doing for college.† The advice was easier said than done, but my friends and sisters helped keep me sane when I thought I might explode with frustration from my daughter’s lack of progress. Be Open About Finances and How You Can Pay For College This is the first MAJOR financial decision your child will be involved with and one that can have lasting implications on their future. Don’t skip this topic because you don’t want to worry them or you’ll do whatever you need to (like take out loans) cover the costs. And don’t wait till junior or senior year to start looking at college costs. T The College Board is a good source to look at college costs including tuition, room and board. Once you see those prices you might head for a glass of wine to relax your nerves. But hopefully this will get yourself motivated to start figuring out whats going on. Find out as much as you can about merit scholarships. If youre a family thats not likely to receive needs-based aid, then finding colleges that are more likely to offer your student merit-based scholarships is an important strategy for finding free money to pay for college. Using the College Free Money Finder is a great start for creating a list of schools that can lower your cost of college by offering your student merit scholarships or tuition discounts. Whichever language you prefer, it makes paying for college a little more affordable. How To Find Colleges That Give The Most Merit Aid Here’s the â€Å"start early† comment again – but it really matters. FAFSA forms are based on tax information from two years prior to when your child will be a freshman. This is called your base year, which is January of your child’s sophomore year to December of their junior year. My child’s school held a financial aid night in January of her senior year – which was too late for anyone to do anything other than fill out the forms and pray. To be a financially responsible parent, I should have started understanding the financial aid process while my daughter was in middle school when I had more time on my side. It’s a Random Process and You Can’t Explain The Outcomes Up until this point in my daughter’s life, she could see the relationship between hard work and getting what she wanted. She’d always been self-motivated and when she spent time studying, she got good grades. When she joined and participated in organizations, she was rewarded with leadership positions. But what we learned in the college process was that having all the â€Å"right† stuff did not equate to getting what she wanted. College Planning is a Family Affair, Not Something a Teen/Young Adult Should Do Alone I think anyone who tells you that your child is old enough to handle this process on his/her own is crazy! Sometimes parents can’t handle it themselves on their own. Educate yourself and your child about the process, embrace the time together, know it’s a roller coaster, expect conflicts, and don’t be afraid to ask for help. The next time I go through this process I may be a little wiser, but because the process is always changing and each child is unique, it doesn’t mean the path will be easier. Having just finished with one child, I need a break, but I look forward to the next!

How Can You Help Others After Your Death

How Can You Help Others After Your Death? Have you ever heard stories about people who could have been saved if one of their failed organs was transplanted? These stories had rather a tragic end. Well, they are true, and such cases happen everyday. What seems to be the problem? You might assume it is all about money, for such operations are very costly, but often this is not the case. The thing is people do not give it much thought, until they have to face it in their own life. All of the people who pass away each day are potential donors, but most of them do not leave behind any message regarding their attitude towards this issue, and therefore, do not make it possible for their organs to be of use to others. The amount of people currently waiting for a life saving organ transplant is tremendous. Can you imagine what it must feel like for a 5-year-old boy to wait for months knowing that if he is going to live or die depends on whether a donor will be found? Can you imagine what it feels like for his parents? So, what can be done to improve the situation? Every person can help by choosing to donate their organs after they die. You won’t need them anymore and somebody else could have many years added to their life. It would also give comfort to your own family, knowing that their beloved one did a noble thing and influenced somebody else’s life to such an enormous degree, even if it’s after their death. Instead of talking profusely about making a contribution to society, you could actually do it by becoming an organ donor, and giving somebody the biggest gift imaginable the gift of life.

Biography of Michael Jordan Essay example - 902 Words

Biography of Michael Jordan Michael Jeffrey Jordan is known by many people as the best basketball player ever to play the game. Jordan played for the Chicago Bulls, helping them obtained six championship titles in eight years. Now remembered for being the best and the most popular athlete in the sports world. He had a great influence on the people. Jordan was just another great legend (Stein 2). Being a role model on and off the court Jordan showed his abilities to play the game and his kindness towards other people, especially those who admired him the most. His widespread appeal to fans has helped keep basketball one of the worlds most popular spectator sports (Stein 1). Michael Jeffrey Jordan was born on February†¦show more content†¦After he graduated from high school, he decided to go and play for the University of North Carolina Where he was a big star and won a championship title with a last two-second shot. He was nominated player of the year. He then was drafted to the Chicago Bulls, where he had a long list of outstanding accomplishments. Jordans presence on the Chicago Bulls immediately woke up the interest of the fans. The entire franchise was very enthusiastic and felt very positive about their future. He was such a great player that on his first season he won the rookie of the year award with 28.2 points per game. The Bulls had a losing record before they had Jordan. After the Bulls had Jordan, nothing else but good things began to happen for this franchise. He took the Bulls to the playoffs for five straight years in a row. But they would always loose to the Detroit Pistons or Boston Celtics. One problem was that Jordan sometimes played at a level so above his teammates that the Bulls failed to function as a team (Greene 8-9). During the 1989-90 season, The bulls signed Phil Jackson to be their new head coach. His new triangle plays helped Jordan use his offensive abilities. As his desire to win a championship developed more and more, he focused a little bit more on his defense than offense. As a result of his desire the Bulls won their first championship in history for the season of 1990-91. After the end of this wonderful and successfulShow MoreRelatedBiography of Michael Jordan971 Words   |  4 PagesTheres Michael, then there is the rest of us, Magic Johnson famously quoted. Even the brilliant stars of his era praise Michaels greatness. This shows how great he really is on the court. Michael has the unique combination of grace, power, speed, quickness, and an unquenchable competitive desire. But, who knew that Michael was cut from the varsity team when he was a sophomore at Laney High School? Are you out of your mind! I know that if I were the coach, I would definitely keep a guy of MichaelsRead MoreBiography on Michael Jeffery Jordan Essay1733 Words   |  7 PagesBiography on Michael Jeffery Jordan Michael Jeffery Jordan was born in Brooklyn, New York on February 17, 1963. His parents names are James Jordan (his father) and Deloris Jordan (his mother). When Michael was at a young age he and his family moved to Wilmington, North Carolina. As a child his favorite sport was baseball. However in the city there was not very much room to practice. The one thing that kept him from being in-active as a child was a basketball hoop in the back of his yardRead MoreMichael Jord The World Of Sports1460 Words   |  6 Pages2016 Michael Jordan: The G.O.A.T Michael Jordan once said â€Å"Some people want it to happen, some wish it would happen, others make it happen† (Michael Jordan Quotes). His exciting and flashy style of play reinvented the game (King). Jordan inspired people all over the world to be more active,his amazing play made more people want to watch making basketball more popular and even helped boost America s economy. If Jordan never played, the world of sports would be completely different. Michael JeffreyRead MoreMichael Jordan: Outlier Essay627 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Maybe this guy is god disguised as Michael Jordan† (Michael Jordan). Michael Jordan is clearly the best basketball player to have ever set foot on a basketball court as Larry Bird put it jokingly. He wasn’t the perfect basketball player but he was good enough to surpass the rest of the league as a whole. Because of his superior skills and incomprehensible work ethic, he can be considered an outlier. There is no other player that has accomplished as much as Jordan and will probably never see somethingRead MoreThe Impact of NBA Legends Essay1008 Words   |  5 Pagesto stop him and instead tried only to contain him. His scoring average during the 1959-60 season was 37.9 points per game—more than eight points per game higher than anyone else had ever scored in the history of the league.† (Encyclopedia World Biography) At the end of the 1959-1960 season, Chamberlain was awar ded the Rookie of the Year and Most Valuable Player, the first person to receive both awards in the same season. Throughout his career, Chamberlain faced great adversity throughout the leagueRead MoreMichael Jordan And The Basketball Team1186 Words   |  5 Pages SBMG 10023 FAMOUS ENTREPENEUR Michael Jordan Prepared for Rob Belchior Prepared by Armend Kozmaqi #00358047 Johnathan Souvoravong #000350111 February 10, 2015 â€Æ' Michael Jordan Michael Jeffrey Jordan was born on February 17, 1963 in Brooklyn, New York, he is the son of Deloris, who worked in banking, and James R. Jordan, Sr., who was an equipment supervisor. When Jordan was a toddler his family moved to Wilmington, North Carolina. There Jordan attended Emsley A. Laney High School and becameRead MoreHis Airness Michael Jordan759 Words   |  3 PagesThroughout all the years I have been involved with sports, I’ve learned Michael Jordan is one of the most prolific athletes of his time. We define success as achieving wealth, respect, or fame, and Jordan has accomplished more than most men will even attempt in their lifetime. Some try and compare today’s superstar athletes such as LeBron James, and Kobe Bryant with the great Michael Jordan, but I am here to tell you that is impossible. Jordan changed the game and made it what it is today. Jordan’s life isRead MoreA Brief Look at Michael Jordan2116 Words   |  9 PagesMichael Jordan had ac complished many more goals than the average NBA basketball player; Jordan was a basketball player, business entrepreneur, an actor, and was an Olympic athlete (Michael Jordan returns to the NBA for ‘The love of the game. Page 1). Not many people have a resume like that. One of the most important people, who had a lot of impact on basketball, baseball and even in the world today, was Michael Jordan. Jordan had gone through a lot to get where he was; he was cut from his sophomoreRead MoreBiographies And Biographies Of Biographies849 Words   |  4 Pages Biographies are life stories of individuals written by other people. There are several different kind of biography books. Historical biographies, authentic biographies, fictionalized biographies, biographical fiction, and autobiographies. Historical biographies cover people from the past. They provide accurate information about historical people. Authentic biographies are established by facts that can only be supported by evidence. It needs support such as historical documents or personal recollectionsRead MoreMichael Jordan Was Born On February 17,1963, Brooklyn,933 Words   |  4 PagesMichael Jordan was born on February 17,1963, Brooklyn, New York. Growing up in Wilmington, North Carolina, Jordan developed a competitive edge at an early age. He wanted to win every game he played.He did not make the high school basketball team as a sophomore, but did make the team as a junior. After high school he accepted a basketball scholarship to the UNC (University of North Carolina) where he played under head coach Dean Smith.In his first season at Carolina he became only the second Tarheel

Though the agreement and acknowledgement from both sides...

Though the agreement and acknowledgement from both sides was a great accomplishment, the fault in the Oslo Accords was lack of action and enforcement, leading way into accusations from both sides. While it is important for both sides to be careful, a peace talk strong enough to mend the schism between Israel and Palestine should be clear in its wording, and the agreements should be enforced. Both sides’ unresolved conflicts over land, refugees, education, and terrorism prevent any progress from being made. An attempt to establish peace without resolution of these problems will result in failure, proven in past negotiation efforts. The core sources of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict should be the focus of the peace talks. It is integral†¦show more content†¦The Palestinians, in peace talks, have proposed balanced land swaps as well (â€Å"Middle East peace†). If both sides negotiate with open minds, compromise can be made. Because of lack of enforcement, peace agreements that should have worked have failed. Both sides still struggle over matters that, according to negotiations of the past, should not exist. However, this is not the end to the struggle between the two states. Though some controversies, such as land, are fairly straightforward, others are not. Apprehensions about security and refugees are main concerns of Israel. Allowing refugees could result in a possible change of demographic to a Palestinian majority. As a people that have been persecuted throughout history, the Jewish have an extremely legitimate reason to have safety and security a top priority. They desire a homeland free of jeopardy. Palestinian organizations in the past (and present, involving rejectionist groups such as the Hamas) have wanted the destruction of Israel as a state (â€Å"Negotiations). Israel accuses Palestine of not taking action against these terrorist groups, and fears that in the future, a Palestinian state could be overtaken by one. Palestine believes that a two state solution is actually necessary for security. Though both sides have many concerns, to make decisions and statements based on general, wide assumptions is also incredibly dangerous for both sides, and prevents progress. AllShow MoreRelatedEssay on Mount Cedar Technologies10813 Words   |  44 Pages†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦................53 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦........†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.54 BDFP Consulting was formed in 2012 and is made up of four principle partners: Barbara Boliver, Doug Rouillard, Fahnia Thomas and Patrick Delaney. We created BDFP Consulting in order to evaluate, provide insight and recommendations on Cedar Tech (referred to as Cedar Tech going forward). Cedar Tech was founded in 1995, and is located in Los Angeles, California, with the purpose of becoming a major importer andRead MoreConflict Management and Emotional Intelligence63003 Words   |  253 Pagesinterviews  were  used  to  collect  data  on  conflict  formation  and  management  strategy.      Tests   to   measure   the   emotional   intelligence   quotient   (also   called   the   emotional   quotient)   of   participants  were  also  conducted  and  demographic  data  of  the  participants  was  gathered.            Customer  service  staff  are  suggested  to  identify  the  real  needs  of  customers  through  the  use   of   the   concepts   of   emotional   intelligence   and   conflict   formation.      Customer   service   staff   should  apply  the  appropriate  cRead MoreSales and Marketing for Financial Institutions80443 Words   |  322 Pagesfor all copyright material reproduced. However, despite our best efforts, there may be instances where we have been unable to trace or contact copyright holders. If notified, Kaplan Higher Education will ensure full acknowledgement of the use of copyright material. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All ASX material is  © ASX Limited. All rights reserved. All ASX material is reproduced by the publisher with the permission of ASX Limited. No part of this material may be photocopied, reproduced, stored in a retrievalRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages10.5/12 ITC New Baskerville Std Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2013, 2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrievalRead MoreMonsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering96204 Words   |  385 PagesConsolidating the DirecTV acquisition C A S E S E V E N Shanghai Volkswagen: Implementing project management in the electrical engineering division C A S E E I G H T Television New Zealand: Balancing between commercial and social objectives C A S E N I N E From greenï ¬ eld to graduates: University of the Sunshine Coast C A S E T E N Whole Foods Market, 2005: Will there be enough organic food to satisfy the C A S E E L E V E N growing demand? Wal-Mart Stores Inc.: Dominating global retailing C A S E T W E LRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 PagesStrategic Marketing Management Dedication This book is dedicated to the authors’ wives – Gillian and Rosie – and to Ben Gilligan for their support while it was being written. 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Essay about The Kennedy Assination A Conspiracy

What reasons did the HSCA have in 1979 for suggesting that President Kennedy was the victim of a conspiracy in 1963? In 1976, the House Select Committee on Assassinations began to reinvestigate the events at the assassination of JFK. A report was published by the committee in 1979 stating that there was a probable conspiracy surrounding Kennedy’s death, contradicting the Warren Commission’s theory. However, the HSCA could not prove that someone other than Oswald may have assassinated the president. What the HSCA could do however, was to prove that there were flaws in the evidence that the Warren Commission used to formulate their theory about Oswald being the lone assassin of JFK. A major part to the Warren Commission’s theory was†¦show more content†¦This was also backed up by the differences between the original diagnosis from the Dallas doctors and the official autopsy of JFK’s body. The Dallas doctors found that Kennedy’s throat wound was an entrance wound which meant that the Warren Commission was wrong about Oswald shooting Kennedy from behind. However, before the official autopsy, Kennedy’s body was left unattended for about twenty minutes, in which there may have been a clumsy attempt to alter JFK’s wounds to fit the Warren Commission’s theory. The official autopsy then diagnosed that the throat wound was an exit wound, fitting continently with the theory that Oswald shot JFK from behind. The Dallas doctors could just have made a mistake, however it is more probable that the Warren Commission’s theory about Oswald was wrong and they tried to cover it up by tampering with Kennedy’s wounds. Many eye witnesses at the scene of the crime were ignored by the Warren Commission, unless the witnesses’ statements supported the Warren Commission’s theory. For example, fifty-eight out of ninety witnesses heard gun shots coming from the Grassy Knoll, however the Warren Commission chose to overlook this vital evidence because it didn’t sustain the theory that Oswald shot Kennedy from the Book Depository. Source G shows witnesses’ statements that were discounted by the Warren Commission. Firstly, Source G shows that a woman who said that she was â€Å"pretty used to guns† heard four to six

American Antislavery 1820-1860 free essay sample

Rather, the movement was fraught with ambiguity over who its leaders would be, how they would go about fighting the institution of slavery, and what the future would be like for black Americans. Some of the persisting goals of antislavery activism were legal emancipation, aid to runaway slaves through vigilance groups and the Underground Railroad, civil rights for freed blacks in the north, and education, suffrage, and economic advancement for African-Americans. Perhaps the most unifying ideal of the  anti-slavery movement  was that the racial basis forAmerican slavery  could be undermined by promoting Christian values, education and economic progress among free blacks to show that they were capable of succeeding as individuals in an integrated American society. Richard Allen, leader of the A. M. E. church, stated the case for black progress as an answer to the justifications of slaveholders: â€Å"if we are lazy and idol, the enemies of freedom plead it as a cause why we ought not to be free. In addition to the connection between abolition and economic and social progress, most abolitionists worked for the assurance of civil rights and legal protection for free blacks, who lived in an anomalous condition of â€Å"freedom† without citizenship and with constant threat of discrimination, violence, and abduction to be sold into slavery. There were some bitter conflicts over specific strategies. Though Garrison and most blacks favored immediate abolition, many whites continued to prefer or express willingness to settle for gradual emancipation. Violent resistance was at first rejected by many, again under the influence of Garrison, but David Walker’s appeal that violence should be used against slavery became more popular as blacks and abolitionists searched for an effective means of self-defense against mobs and pursuit of civil rights. Whether or not individuals worked within the political framework of the constitution to effect change again depended on allegiance to Garrison, and in general the early antislavery activists preferred moral arguments while later leaders were more willing to use political means. To what extent black abolitionists cooperated with and trusted white abolitionists varied, for though whites were essential to the movement, blacks often felt they needed to rely on their own race’s leadership, and so both black and integrated organizations formed. A few abolitionists supported the proposal of African or Haitian colonization by free blacks, but most viewed the colonization schemes as a way for whites to get rid of the â€Å"black problem† in the US rather than a viable alternative to gaining equal rights in the nation of their birth (since only a small minority of blacks in the US after the 1820s were African-born). Furthermore, colonization reinforced the notion that African-Americans would be better off somewhere else because they could never be integrated into American society as whites’ equals. Blacks saw similarities between Jackson’s Indian removal policy and federal funding for African colonization, and most determined to resist relocation. Settlement in Canada was not similarly viewed as running away from the struggle for equality at home because it not only provided safety, legal protection, and civil equality for black refugees but also harbored the founders of new abolitionist publications who strengthened the antislavery movement in the American North and Midwest. Leaders of the anti-slavery movement were well known for their publications and speeches, and many served the equally important but less public role of organizers or â€Å"conductors† on the Underground Railroad. The assortment of leaders included free blacks, like William Still in Philadelphia, radical whites, like William Lloyd Garrison, former slaves, like Frederick Douglass, and women of both races, such as Sojourner Truth and Harriet Beecher Stowe. Garrison’s anti-political, non-violent moral opposition to slavery was the largest sect of antislavery agitation for many years, but his unwillingness to work within the political system to reclaim the constitution and his allegiance to women’s rights were controversial positions that caused many, including Douglass, to split with Garrison eventually. Many whites who were identified with the antislavery cause, such as Stowe, did not extend their sympathies for enslaved blacks as far as supporting equal rights for freedmen. Though generally considered radicals, few leaders of the antislavery movement committed large-scale revolutionary or violent acts. Quiet small-scale acts of resistance termed â€Å"the Underground Railroad† gave way to more violent public resistance in the 1850s, particularly in â€Å"radical† centers like Boston, against the recapturing of fugitive slaves who lived as free blacks in the northern states. A later martyr for the cause of abolitionism, John Brown, was one of the few who were brave (or insensible) enough to direct violent action against the federal government with hopes to end slavery through militancy in his raid on Harper’s Ferry in 1859. Blacks and whites who rallied behind the unified cause of abolitionism did not always cooperate fully, sometimes because their goals differed, but often because blacks were wary of whites. As the Hortons summarize, â€Å"white reformers were more likely to accept a gradualist approach to anti-slavery, and blacks sometimes faced discrimination or subtle prejudice in integrated organizations† (Hortons 222). Racism of various forms existed among white antislavery reformers, who often felt that slavery was a moral wrong but nonetheless thought blacks inferior to whites or distasteful to associate with. Harriet Beecher Stowe notes this phenomenon in her creation of the character Miss Ophelia for Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Like many white northerners who object to the institution of slavery, Miss Ophelia sees the education and moral improvement of blacks as a Christian duty that whites owe to the race they have long enslaved, but does not see that the â€Å"spiritual equality† of blacks and whites implies social equality and is uncomfortable with physical contact with her black charge. In addition to direct racism, white reformers often harbored a more subtle condescension when they â€Å"credited their work with blacks as broadening their views and stimulating personal growth,† as if the movement was more about the moral development of white individuals through their acts of charity than about seeing justice enacted in fulfillment of the Constitution’s claim that all men are created equal (Horton 224). Despite these tensions and overwhelming white paternalism, whites â€Å"brought financial power, reformist zeal, and the respectability of heir color† to the movement and were â€Å"instrumental in opening higher education to African Americans on an equal basis† which bolstered the educated black leadership of the 1840s and 50s (Horton 236, 215). Many short-lived organizations, some comprised solely of blacks and others integrated, competed to some extent for support, and allied themselves with different causes. There were a few longer-la sting organizations, such as the American Anti-Slavery Society and the National Convention of the People of Color, and publications such as the Freedman’s Journal and the Colored American, that were highly influential. Discounting one convention’s endorsement of the Free Soil Party in 1848, the Liberty Party was the only political party that embraced an antislavery platform. Garrisonian opposition to recognizing the Constitution and working within the existing political system, termed â€Å"union with slaveholders,† detracted from potential early antislavery political organization, favoring moral arguments which proved largely ineffective for provoking large-scale change. Between the period of the 1820s through the eve of the civil war, and particularly during the 1850s, the antislavery movement grew in response to political developments and increasing sympathy to abolitionist propaganda. Federal victories for slavery such as the expansion of slavery in the west, the Fugitive slave law of 1850, and the Dred Scott decision of 1857 threatened blacks and white northerners alike as they represented the power of the slaveholding south to influence federal policy. In nine Northern states, where twenty years before towns had passed regulations against integrated schools and where racism persisted to some extent, Personal Liberty Laws passed which essentially nullified the federal Fugitive Slave Law, evincing that states’ rights to reject complicity with slavery was more widely supported than black equality. Uncle Tom’s Cabin, slave narratives, and other popular publications aroused many white northerners’ sympathies. The alliances forged between antislavery agitation and other political and social reform movements garnered support for the anti-slavery cause among moderates. Over time, as hopes of gradual emancipation and an end to racism soured in light of the political and social realities, many shifted from adherence to Garrisonian apolitical non-violence to a widespread sentiment, especially among blacks, in favor of David Walker’s appeal for the use of violence in defense and in opposition to slavery. Resistance to enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Law included groups rescuing blacks from jails, like the case of Shadrach in Boston in 1852. Whites and blacks alike worked for black suffrage, and the blacks who cast votes in the 1860 presidential election overwhelmingly voted for the Republican candidate Lincoln, a departure from the call for Garrisonian disunion by blacks like Charles Lenox Remond. Blacks in the North formed militias, including Boston’s Massasoit Guard, without state governmental sanction. On the eve of the Civil War, blacks were ready to engage in a federal struggle for freedom, a new revolution that would grant them the equality promised to all men in the Constitution that was now nearly a century old. The decades leading up to the south’s secession had taught blacks that patience and diligence in educating themselves and working to acquire land and social status was far from achieving the end of slavery or earning them equal citizenship. White northerners who were not necessarily proponents of black civil rights often supported the antislavery cause in order to counter the seeming growing influence of Southern slave power. Secession lit the fuel of 40 years of antislavery agitation and began a war that some would say was waged for union, but most blacks and many whites insisted that the coming war would be the final struggle for universal freedom.